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Tuesday, February 28, 2017
NGO board
Monday, February 27, 2017
Thursday, February 23, 2017
GHALIB verses
دنیا سے گر پائی بھی فرصت سر اٹھانے کی
فلک کا دیکھنا تقریب تیرے یاد آنے کی
کھلےگا کس طرح مضموں مرے مکتوب کا یا رب
قسم کھائی ہے اس کافر نے کاغذ کے جلانے کی
لپٹنا پرنیاں میں شعلۂ آتش کا آساں ہے
ولے مشکل ہے حکمت دل میں سوزِ غم چھپانے کی
انہیں منظور اپنے زخمیوں کا دیکھ آنا تھا
اٹھے تھے سیرِ گل کو، دیکھنا شوخی بہانے کی
ہماری سادگی تھی التفاتِ ناز پر مرنا
ترا آنا نہ تھا ظالم مگر تمہید جانے کی
لکد کوبِ حوادث کا تحمّل کر نہیں سکتی
مری طاقت کہ ضامن تھی بتوں کے ناز اٹھانے کی
کہوں کیا خوبیِ اوضاعِ ابنائے زماں غالب
بدی کی اس نے جس سے ہم نے کی تھی بارہا نیکی
مرزا اسد اللہ خان غالب
Wednesday, February 22, 2017
Algebra
The real Secret history of science of sciences - Mathematics
There will be no software, binary computing, accounting & sciences of today if there was no zero and Indian numericals and the branches of Math : arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, conics, astronomy, calculus,etc.
"Like the crest of a peacock, like the gem on the head of a snake, so is mathematics at the head of all knowledge" - Vedanga Jyotisha, 1500 BC.
Ancient Hindus deviced an amazing system of math codes using syllables and then creating sutras [aphorisms] & mantras [chants] with that that gave a student instant idea of the mathematical applications.
This sutra is endowed with spiritual content as well as mathematical significance: gopi bhagya madhuvrta, srngiso dadhi sandhiga, khla jivita khatva, gala hala rasandara It translates: O Lord anointed with the yogurt of the milkmaids’ worship, O savior of the fallen, O master of Shiva, please protect me.
This verse, guised as a petition to Krishna, denotes the value of pi/10 (the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter divided by 10) to 32 decimal places by application of the consonant code given above:
pi/10 = 0.31415926535897932384626433832792. The mantra praise to Godhead also represents significant, secular truths. This is the real essence of the Vedic world view: transcendental knowledge hides the intricacies of the phenomenal world; the absolute truth hides all relative truths and science forms the smaller circle within the larger circle of spirituality. Vedas are extremely codified language replete with sutras containing mathematical truths & scientific formulas. See one more cryptic sutra: “All from 9 and the last from 10,” and its corollary: “Whatever the
extent of its deficiency, lessen it still further to that very extent; and also
set up the square (of that deficiency).”
When Europe & ancient Mesopotamia & Americas were hunting and killing each other India was an extremely developed world.
The Anuyoga Dwara sutra of more than 6000 years ago lists sequences of successive squares or square roots of numbers: (a)2, (a2)2, [(a2)2]2 as well as power series: The first square root multiplied by the second square root, (is) the cube of the second square root; the second square root multiplied by the third square root (is) the cube of the third square root”
Based on the Atharvaveda, Tirtha Maharaja points to many sutras, or aphorisms, which appear to apply to every branch of mathematics: arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, conics, astronomy, calculus, etc. These techniques permit calculations with incredible ease and simplicity in a fraction of the time required by modern means.
Calculations normally requiring as many as one hundred steps can be done by the Vedic method in one single, simple step. For instance, the conversion of the fraction 1/29 to its equivalent recurring decimal notation normally involves 28 steps! The Hindu Vedic method it can be calculated in one simple step !!
Zero or Shunya & Decimal system is the single most vital development in course of mathematical sciences. Even though concept of Zero is attributed to one of the most ancient Indian math Aryabhatta, it prexisted in ancient texts and I have evidence of that while translating some very very ancient texts from Sanskrit to English on air flying vehicles. Lilavati and Brahmgupt had written treatise on math.
Earliest preserved specimen of numericals are found on stone columns posted by Ashoka about 260 BC, in Brahmi. Fully developed 9 symbols & zero were inscriptions have been foud in various time periods. In Ramayana, a hundred times a thousand hundreds makes a koti, a hundred times a thousand kotis makes a snkha and +.
All ancient cultures had some device but nothing perfect. Mesopotamian cuneirform was simplistic. See some of the quotes of known pundits on Indian system:
Pierre Simon Laplace French mathematician 1749-1827 CE: A profound and important
idea which appears so simple to us now that we ignore its true merit. But its very simplicity and the great ease which it lent to all computations put our arithmetic in the first rank of useful inventions”. “It is India that gave us the ingenious method of expressing all numbers by the means of ten symbols, each symbol receiving a
value of position, as well as an absolute value; a profound and important idea which appears so simple to us now that we ignore its true merit, but its very simplicity, the great ease which it has lent to all computations, puts our arithmetic in the first rank of useful inventions, and we shall appreciate the grandeur of this achievement when we remember that it escaped the genius of Archimedes and Apollonius, two of the greatest minds produced by antiquity”.
Prof AL Basham: "Medieval Indian mathematicians, such as Brahmagupta (7th century), Mahavira (ninth century), and Bhaskara (12th century) understood the import of positive and negative quantities, evolved sound systems of extracting square and cube roots, and could solve quadratic and certain types of indeterminate equations . . . Mahavira’s most noteworthy contribution is his treatment of fractions for the first time and his rule for dividing one fraction by another, which did not appear in Europe until the 16th century. “The debt of the Western world to India in this respect [the field of mathematics] cannot be overestimated. Most of the great discoveries and inventions of which Europe is so proud would have been impossible without a developed system of mathematics, and this in turn would have been impossible if Europe had been shackled by the unwieldy system of Roman numerals. The unknown man who devised the new system was, from the world’s point of view, after the Buddha, the most important son of India. His achievement, though easily taken for granted, was the work of an analytical mind of the first order, and he deserves much more honor than he has so far received. Unfortunately, Euro centrism has effectively concealed from the common man the fact that we owe much in the way of mathematics to ancient India. Reflection on this may cause modern man to consider more seriously the spiritual preoccupation of ancient India. The rishis (seers) were not men lacking in practical knowledge of the world, dwelling only in the realm of imagination. They were well developed in secular knowledge, yet only insofar as they felt it was necessary within a world view in which consciousness was held as primary”.
Rigveda (RV II.18.4-6) knows large numbers, a nascent decimal system, infinity (aditi) and zero (kham). Rigveda gives names to simple fractions such as ardha (1/2), trapada (3/4) etc. Taittriya samhita mentions arithmetical series of odd ayugma 1.3.5 and even yugma 2,4,6, numbers. Terms like dasa (10), sata (100), sahsra (1000), ayuta (10,000) and others are mentioned in Yajurveda from 1 to 10>12times
Vedic arithmetic and algebra benefit from the same polynomial where subtractions, additions etc. are carried out by a positional notation using the reference of 100, 1000, etc. This is to be contrasted with Greeks who had no names for numbers larger
than 10 The first known English use of zero was in 1598.
Even thought numericals usage was as early as 8000 years ago, the written rules governing the use of zero appeared for the first time in the Brahmasputha Siddhanta (7th century). This work considers not only zero, but negative numbers, and the algebraic rules for the elementary operations of arithmetic with such numbers. In some instances, his rules differ from the modern standard, specifically the definition of the value of zero divided by zero as zero.
The Arabic inheritance of science was largely via Greek who loaned from India, followed by direct Hindu influences. In 773, at Al-Mansur's behest, translations were made of many ancient treatises including Greek, Roman, Indian, and others. The Italian mathematician Fibonacci c.1170–1250, who grew up in North Africa and is credited with introducing the decimal system to Europe, used the term zephyrum. This became zefiro in Italian, and was then contracted to zero in Venetian may be influenced the spelling when transcribing Arabic Cifr
The ancient Greeks did not have a name for zero and did not use a placeholder. They seemed unsure about the status of zero as a number. They asked themselves, "How can nothing be something?", leading to philosophical and, by the medieval period, religious arguments about the nature and existence of zero and the vacuum. The paradoxes of Zeno of Elea depend in large part on the uncertain interpretation of zero.
In contrast to the poetry in Sanskrit, the Greek alphabet, which had proved so useful in so many ways, proved to be a great hindrance in the art of calculation, more so because they used sexagesimal place notation. The Egyptians had no difficulty in representing large numbers, but the absence of any place value for their symbols so complicated their system that, for example, 23 symbols were needed to represent the number 986.
The Romans could not master calculations and left the chore to an abacus
worked by a slave. Pre Islamic Persia used the 0 Zero as Cifr as that meant a VOID or emptiness. The word zero came into the English language via French Spanish zéro. Italian contraction of Venetian zevero form of 'Italian zefiro via safira or cifr. In pre-Islamic time the word cifr Arabic had the meaning 'empty' Sifr evolved to mean zero when it was used to translate Shoonnya Sanskrit from India.
There will be no software, binary computing, accounting & sciences of today if there was no zero and Indian numericals and the branches of Math : arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, conics, astronomy, calculus,etc.
"Like the crest of a peacock, like the gem on the head of a snake, so is mathematics at the head of all knowledge" - Vedanga Jyotisha, 1500 BC.
Ancient Hindus deviced an amazing system of math codes using syllables and then creating sutras [aphorisms] & mantras [chants] with that that gave a student instant idea of the mathematical applications.
This sutra is endowed with spiritual content as well as mathematical significance: gopi bhagya madhuvrta, srngiso dadhi sandhiga, khla jivita khatva, gala hala rasandara It translates: O Lord anointed with the yogurt of the milkmaids’ worship, O savior of the fallen, O master of Shiva, please protect me.
This verse, guised as a petition to Krishna, denotes the value of pi/10 (the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter divided by 10) to 32 decimal places by application of the consonant code given above:
pi/10 = 0.31415926535897932384626433832792. The mantra praise to Godhead also represents significant, secular truths. This is the real essence of the Vedic world view: transcendental knowledge hides the intricacies of the phenomenal world; the absolute truth hides all relative truths and science forms the smaller circle within the larger circle of spirituality. Vedas are extremely codified language replete with sutras containing mathematical truths & scientific formulas. See one more cryptic sutra: “All from 9 and the last from 10,” and its corollary: “Whatever the
extent of its deficiency, lessen it still further to that very extent; and also
set up the square (of that deficiency).”
When Europe & ancient Mesopotamia & Americas were hunting and killing each other India was an extremely developed world.
The Anuyoga Dwara sutra of more than 6000 years ago lists sequences of successive squares or square roots of numbers: (a)2, (a2)2, [(a2)2]2 as well as power series: The first square root multiplied by the second square root, (is) the cube of the second square root; the second square root multiplied by the third square root (is) the cube of the third square root”
Based on the Atharvaveda, Tirtha Maharaja points to many sutras, or aphorisms, which appear to apply to every branch of mathematics: arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, conics, astronomy, calculus, etc. These techniques permit calculations with incredible ease and simplicity in a fraction of the time required by modern means.
Calculations normally requiring as many as one hundred steps can be done by the Vedic method in one single, simple step. For instance, the conversion of the fraction 1/29 to its equivalent recurring decimal notation normally involves 28 steps! The Hindu Vedic method it can be calculated in one simple step !!
Zero or Shunya & Decimal system is the single most vital development in course of mathematical sciences. Even though concept of Zero is attributed to one of the most ancient Indian math Aryabhatta, it prexisted in ancient texts and I have evidence of that while translating some very very ancient texts from Sanskrit to English on air flying vehicles. Lilavati and Brahmgupt had written treatise on math.
Earliest preserved specimen of numericals are found on stone columns posted by Ashoka about 260 BC, in Brahmi. Fully developed 9 symbols & zero were inscriptions have been foud in various time periods. In Ramayana, a hundred times a thousand hundreds makes a koti, a hundred times a thousand kotis makes a snkha and +.
All ancient cultures had some device but nothing perfect. Mesopotamian cuneirform was simplistic. See some of the quotes of known pundits on Indian system:
Pierre Simon Laplace French mathematician 1749-1827 CE: A profound and important
idea which appears so simple to us now that we ignore its true merit. But its very simplicity and the great ease which it lent to all computations put our arithmetic in the first rank of useful inventions”. “It is India that gave us the ingenious method of expressing all numbers by the means of ten symbols, each symbol receiving a
value of position, as well as an absolute value; a profound and important idea which appears so simple to us now that we ignore its true merit, but its very simplicity, the great ease which it has lent to all computations, puts our arithmetic in the first rank of useful inventions, and we shall appreciate the grandeur of this achievement when we remember that it escaped the genius of Archimedes and Apollonius, two of the greatest minds produced by antiquity”.
Prof AL Basham: "Medieval Indian mathematicians, such as Brahmagupta (7th century), Mahavira (ninth century), and Bhaskara (12th century) understood the import of positive and negative quantities, evolved sound systems of extracting square and cube roots, and could solve quadratic and certain types of indeterminate equations . . . Mahavira’s most noteworthy contribution is his treatment of fractions for the first time and his rule for dividing one fraction by another, which did not appear in Europe until the 16th century. “The debt of the Western world to India in this respect [the field of mathematics] cannot be overestimated. Most of the great discoveries and inventions of which Europe is so proud would have been impossible without a developed system of mathematics, and this in turn would have been impossible if Europe had been shackled by the unwieldy system of Roman numerals. The unknown man who devised the new system was, from the world’s point of view, after the Buddha, the most important son of India. His achievement, though easily taken for granted, was the work of an analytical mind of the first order, and he deserves much more honor than he has so far received. Unfortunately, Euro centrism has effectively concealed from the common man the fact that we owe much in the way of mathematics to ancient India. Reflection on this may cause modern man to consider more seriously the spiritual preoccupation of ancient India. The rishis (seers) were not men lacking in practical knowledge of the world, dwelling only in the realm of imagination. They were well developed in secular knowledge, yet only insofar as they felt it was necessary within a world view in which consciousness was held as primary”.
Rigveda (RV II.18.4-6) knows large numbers, a nascent decimal system, infinity (aditi) and zero (kham). Rigveda gives names to simple fractions such as ardha (1/2), trapada (3/4) etc. Taittriya samhita mentions arithmetical series of odd ayugma 1.3.5 and even yugma 2,4,6, numbers. Terms like dasa (10), sata (100), sahsra (1000), ayuta (10,000) and others are mentioned in Yajurveda from 1 to 10>12times
Vedic arithmetic and algebra benefit from the same polynomial where subtractions, additions etc. are carried out by a positional notation using the reference of 100, 1000, etc. This is to be contrasted with Greeks who had no names for numbers larger
than 10 The first known English use of zero was in 1598.
Even thought numericals usage was as early as 8000 years ago, the written rules governing the use of zero appeared for the first time in the Brahmasputha Siddhanta (7th century). This work considers not only zero, but negative numbers, and the algebraic rules for the elementary operations of arithmetic with such numbers. In some instances, his rules differ from the modern standard, specifically the definition of the value of zero divided by zero as zero.
The Arabic inheritance of science was largely via Greek who loaned from India, followed by direct Hindu influences. In 773, at Al-Mansur's behest, translations were made of many ancient treatises including Greek, Roman, Indian, and others. The Italian mathematician Fibonacci c.1170–1250, who grew up in North Africa and is credited with introducing the decimal system to Europe, used the term zephyrum. This became zefiro in Italian, and was then contracted to zero in Venetian may be influenced the spelling when transcribing Arabic Cifr
The ancient Greeks did not have a name for zero and did not use a placeholder. They seemed unsure about the status of zero as a number. They asked themselves, "How can nothing be something?", leading to philosophical and, by the medieval period, religious arguments about the nature and existence of zero and the vacuum. The paradoxes of Zeno of Elea depend in large part on the uncertain interpretation of zero.
In contrast to the poetry in Sanskrit, the Greek alphabet, which had proved so useful in so many ways, proved to be a great hindrance in the art of calculation, more so because they used sexagesimal place notation. The Egyptians had no difficulty in representing large numbers, but the absence of any place value for their symbols so complicated their system that, for example, 23 symbols were needed to represent the number 986.
The Romans could not master calculations and left the chore to an abacus
worked by a slave. Pre Islamic Persia used the 0 Zero as Cifr as that meant a VOID or emptiness. The word zero came into the English language via French Spanish zéro. Italian contraction of Venetian zevero form of 'Italian zefiro via safira or cifr. In pre-Islamic time the word cifr Arabic had the meaning 'empty' Sifr evolved to mean zero when it was used to translate Shoonnya Sanskrit from India.
Monday, February 20, 2017
Amb state
Amb was a princely state of the former British Indian Empire ruled over by the Tanoli tribe. Following Pakistani independence in 1947, and for some months afterwards, Amb's Nawabremained unaligned. However, at the end of December 1947 he acceded to Pakistan, while retaining internal self-government. Amb continued as a Princely state of Pakistan until 1969, when it was incorporated into North West Frontier Province (now Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa).
In 1972, recognition of the royal status of the Nawab was ended by the Government of Pakistan.[1]
Contents
History
Amb and its surrounding areas have a history dating to the invasion of the region by Alexander the Great in the fourth century BC. Alexander's historian, Arrian, did not indicate the exact location of Embolina, the progenitor of Amb, but it may have been in the vicinity of Aoronos, Alexander's supply depot on the right bank of the River Indus. The mention in Ptolemy's Geography of Embolina as a town of Indo-Scythia situated on the Indus Riversupports this theory.
In 1854 British frontier officer General James Abbott postulated that Aornos was located on the Mahaban range south of modern Buner District. He proposed, as had Ranjit Singh's mercenary General Claude Auguste Court in 1839, to recognise Embolina as the village of Amb situated on the right bank of the Indus eight miles east of Mahaban. This is the location from which the Nawabs of Amb took their title.[2]
Amb State, once known as Mulk e Tanawal (country/area of Tanawal), was the home of the Tanoli people. The early history of the region goes back to the centuries before the Mughal Empire, when in the early fourteenth century the Tanoli tribe conquered it and settled here on the banks of the Indus River and a wide area around it, which thus came to be known as Tanawal.
Left: Field Marshal William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood, Commander-in-Chief of the British Indian Army, Right: Nawab Sir Muhammad Khani Zaman Khan of Amb. At Darband, Amb State, 1925
Nawab Mohammad Khan i Zaman Khan, Nawab of Amb. At Darband, Amb State, 1923
From early on, the Tanawal area by and large remained relatively free from the influence of the Mughals, Sikhs and British; and beyond paying occasional simple taxes to central authorities, the people of Tanawal had little or no contact with the outside world for a long period.
This picture is from 1917 Darband. In this photo: Nawab Muhammad Khan i Zaman Khan (seated second from left), Sir George Roos-Keppel (seated third from left), Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum (seated first from right).(sitting ground center) Nawabzada M .Farid Khan (son of Nawab of Amb)
Standing L_R: Doctor Masdar Ali (Physician of the Nawab of Amb), some servants of the Nawab of Amb) Sitting: Nawabzada Mohammad Ismail Khan of Chanser and brother of Nawab Khan i Zaman Khan, Shergarh 1930 .
_Shergarh,_Mansehra.jpg)
Descent and ruling dynasty
There are two prominent theories about the descent of Hindwal Tanolis; one relates them to Pashtun origin[3] and the other to Turco-Mongol.[citation needed]
In this picture seated (left to right): Sahibzada Mohammad Khurshid(first Pakistani Governor of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan), Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (Liāqat Alī Khān) (Urdu: لیاقت علی خان) listen (help·info) (2 October 1896 – 16 October 1951) the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawab Sir Muhammad Farid Khan(Nawab of Amb) and Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan (wife of Liaquat Ali Khan. Darband, Amb State, 1949.
Nawabzada Mohammad Ismail Khan, Son of Nawab Sir Mohammad Akram Khan, at Delhi Durbaar, Delhi 1911.
Nawab Muhammad Saeed Khan
Painda Khan: Mir Painda Khan is famed for his staunch rebellion against Maharaja Ranjit Singh's governors of Hazara. He was the son of Mir Nawab Khan.
From about 1813, Painda Khan spent a lifelong rebellion against the Sikhs, who, realising the potential dangers of his rebellion, set up forts at strategic locations to keep him in check. Hari Singh Nalwa took this initiative during his governorship. In order to consolidate his hold on Tanawal and to unite the Tanoli people, Painda Khan had to first contend with his major rivals within the tribe itself, i.e. the chiefs of the Suba Khani/Pallal section, whom he subdued after a bitter struggle.
Painda Khan set the tone for the regional resistance in Upper Hazara against Sikh rule. In 1828 he created and gifted the smaller neighbouring state of Phulera to his younger brother Madad Khan.
Painda Khan also briefly took over the valley of Agror in 1834. The Swatis inhabiting it appealed to Sardar Hari Singh, who was unable to help them but in 1841,[4] Hari Singh's successor restored Agror to Ata Muhammad Khan, the chief of that area, a descendant of the Mullah Akhund Sad-ud-din.
Jehandad Khan: Was the son of Mir Painda Khan. In 1852, Jehandad Khan was summoned by the President of the Board of Administration in relation to a murder enquiry of two British officers, supposedly on his lands. In fact, this related to the murder of two British Salt Tax collectors by some tribesmen in the neighbouring Kala Dhaka or Black Mountain area, which eventually led to the punitive First Black Mountain campaign/expedition of 1852. The President of the Board of Administration was Sir John Lawrence, later to be the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab, and he visited Haripur, in Hazara, where he invited many Hazara chiefs to see him, on various matters, at a general Durbar.[5] Jehandad Khan was able successfully to establish his innocence and consolidate his position.
Jahandad Khan's relationship with British India is summed in the following lines in a letter dated 8 January 1859 from R. Temple, Secretary to the Chief Commissioner of the Punjab, addressed to the Financial Commissioner of the Punjab: "'5. The term "Jagir" has never appeared to me applicable in any sense to this [Jehandad Khan's] hereditary domain [Upper Tannowul], for it was never granted as such by the Sikhs or by our Government; we upheld the Khan as we found him in his position as a feudal lord and large proprietor.'
Jehandad's son, Nawab Bahadur Sir Muhammed Akram Khan, was given the title of Nawabin perpetuity by the British.
Nawab Sir Muhammad Akram Khan: The next chief of the Tanolis, a son of Mir Jahandad Khan, was Nawab Sir Akram Khan KCSI 68–1907). He was a popular chief, and it was during his tenure that the fort at Shergarh was constructed, along with Dogah and Shahkot Forts. His rule was a peaceful time for Tanawal, with no major conflicts.
Nawab Sir Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan: Nawab Khanizaman Khan (K.C.I.E) succeeded his father, taking over the reins of power in Tanawal in Amb. He helped the British in carrying out the later Black Mountain (Kala Dhaka/Tor Ghar) expeditions.
Nawab Sir Muhammad Farid Khan: Nawab Sir Muhammad Farid Khan KBE had good relations with Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Nawabzada Liaqat Ali Khan. His contributions to the Pakistan movement have been acknowledged by letters from the Quaid e Azam.[6][7] In 1947 the Nawab of Amb, Mohammad Farid Khan, acceded his state to Pakistan by signing the Instrument of Accession in favour of Pakistan. In 1969, the State was incorporated into the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa) and in 1971 the Government of Pakistan ceased to recognize the royal status of the Nawab .
Nawab Muhammad Saeed Khan: Nawab Muhammad Saeed Khan, son of Muhammad Farid Khan, the last Nawab of Amb, studied at the Burn Hall School in Abbottabad (now the Army Burn Hall College) and the Gordon College in Rawalpindi.[8] Nawab Saeed Khan ruled for a period of just three years.
Nawabzada Salahuddin Saeed Khan: Nawabzada Salahuddin is the present titular Chief of Tanolis and the nominal Nawab of Amb (titular/courtesy only)[9] He is the son of Nawab Muhammad Saeed Khan. He holds the record of being the youngest parliamentarian ever to be elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan and then went on to be elected five times to the National Assembly of Pakistan (from 1985 to 1997), a feat only achieved by seven other Pakistani parliamentarians, including the former Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif.[10]
Amb State Postal Service
Existing alongside British India were hundreds of Princely States, some 565[12] in all, but most of them did not issue postage stamps. Only around forty of the States issued their own postage stamps, and Amb State was one of them, having its own Postal Service. The rest used the stamps of the All India Postal Service.
Amb State postal stamps
Present geography
Amb State consisted of the following present day Union Councils of Mansehra and Haripur Districts:
Mansehra District:
- Bandi Shungli
- Shergarh
- Karorri
- Nika Pani
- Darband
- Dara Shanaya
- Swan Miara
- Lassan Nawab
- Perhinna
- Phulrraa
Haripur District:
- Baitgali
- Nara Amaz
- Lalogali Darya Doga from Union Council Landarmang
See also
References
- ^ Buyers, Christoper. "Pakistan: Brief History". The Royal Ark. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ Stein, Aurel (1929). On Alexander's Track to the Indus. Asian Publications. p. 125.
- ^ Scott (1929), pp. 71-72.
- ^ Chiefs and families of note in the Delhi, Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat . By Charles Francis Massy, page 435
- ^ See The Hazara District Gazetteer 1883-8 (Lahore, 1884); and H. Lee, Brothers in the Raj: The Lives of John and Henry Lawrence (Karachi: Oxford UP, 2002)
- ^ Quaid-I-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: First Series, Volume III: On the Threshold of Pakistan, 1–25 July 1947 By Mahomed Ali Jinnah, Z. H. Zaidi Contributor Z. H. Zaidi (Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-969-8156-07-7, ISBN 978-969-8156-07-7, 1120 pages, digitized 29 August 2008)
- ^ Sana Haroon, Frontier of faith: Islam in the Indo-Afghan Borderland (Columbia University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-231-70013-9, ISBN 978-0-231-70013-9, 254 pages)
- ^ Sack, John (1959). Report from Practically Nowhere. New York: Curtis Publishing Company. p. 199.
- ^ Pakistan Princely States
- ^ Pakistan Election Commission – Unique Stats: http://www.ecp.gov.pk/content/uniquestats.html Archived 8 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org. "Pakistan Princely States". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
- ^ Indian Princely States K-Z
External links
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